ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Hydrolysis of Amides

Hydrolysis of amides is irreversible.  In acid
solution the amine product is protonated to
give an ammonium salt.

Reaction type:  Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

• Amides hydrolyse to the parent carboxylic acid and the appropriate amine.
• The mechanisms are similar to those of esters.
• Reagents : Strong acid (e.g. H₂SO₄) / heat (preferred) or strong base (e.g. NaOH) / heat.

Related Reactions

• Hydrolysis of Esters 

• Note that the acid catalysed mechanism is analogous to the acid catalysed hydrolysis of esters.
• The mechanism shown below proceeds via protonation of the carbonyl not the amide N (see step 1).
• The mechanism is an example of the less reactive system type.

MECHANISM OF THE ACID CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS OF AMIDES
Step 1: An acid/base reaction. Since we only have a weak nucleophile and apoor electrophile we need to activate the amide. Protonation of the amidecarbonyl makes it more electrophilic.
Step 2: The water O functions as the nucleophile attacking the electrophilicCin the C=O, with the electrons moving towards the oxonium ion, creatingthe tetrahedral intermediate.
Step 3: An acid/base reaction. Deprotonate the oxygen that came from the watermolecule to neutralise the charge.
Step 4: An acid/base reaction. Need to make the -NH2leave, but need to convert it into a good leaving group first byprotonation.
Step 5: Use the electrons of an adjacent oxygen to help "push out" the leavinggroup, a neutral ammonia molecule.
Step 6: An acid/base reaction. Deprotonation of the oxonium ion reveals thecarbonyl in the carboxylic acid product and regenerates the acid catalyst.